IThe History of Berat: A City Through the Ages

1. Ancient Origins (4th Century BC – Roman Period)

Berat’s history dates back over 2,400 years, originating as an Illyrian settlement known as Antipatreia, named after the Macedonian general Antipater. Situated on the banks of the Osum River, it became a strategic and fortified city. During the Roman conquest of the region in 200 BC, Antipatreia fell to Roman rule, integrating into the Roman Empire’s vast network of cities.

2. Byzantine Era (4th – 13th Century AD)

Following the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Berat became part of the Byzantine Empire, known as Pulcheriopolis. During this period, the city became an important religious and administrative center, with the construction of churches and fortifications on the Berat Castle hill. The castle, still standing today, became the core of the city’s development, protecting its inhabitants and culture.

3. The Despotate of Epirus and Bulgarian Rule (13th – 14th Century)

In the early 13th century, Berat fell under the rule of the Despotate of Epirus and became a battleground between Epirus and the Bulgarian Empire. It was during this time that the city’s strategic significance increased. By the late 14th century, Berat had been integrated into the Albanian Principalities, particularly under the influential Muzaka family.

4. Ottoman Rule (15th – 19th Century)

In 1450, Berat was conquered by the Ottoman Empire, marking the beginning of a new era. During Ottoman rule, Berat flourished as a center of trade, craftsmanship, and culture. The city saw the construction of mosques, bridges, and inns, blending Islamic and Albanian traditions. The distinctive Ottoman-style houses with their stacked windows, for which Berat is famous, were built during this time.

Berat also became a multi-religious and multi-ethnic city, home to both Muslim and Christian communities. Notable landmarks, such as the Lead Mosque and the Onufri Museum in the Church of the Dormition of Mary, reflect the coexistence of these cultures.

5. Albanian National Awakening (19th Century – Early 20th Century)

In the 19th century, Berat played a significant role in the Albanian National Awakening, a movement advocating for independence and cultural identity. As Ottoman power waned, the city became a hub for intellectual and political activity. Berat supported the declaration of Albanian independence in 1912 and emerged as a key city in the new Albanian state.

6. Communist Era (1944 – 1991)

During the communist regime of Enver Hoxha, Berat was declared a museum city in 1961 to preserve its historical and cultural heritage. The focus shifted to protecting Berat’s Ottoman-era architecture, including its iconic neighborhoods, Mangalem and Gorica, and its castle. This recognition helped shield the city from the widespread industrialization and urbanization seen elsewhere in Albania.

7. Modern Era (1991 – Present)

Since the fall of communism, Berat has become a symbol of Albania’s rich history and cultural diversity. In 2008, Berat was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site for its well-preserved Ottoman architecture and its harmonious blend of Islamic and Christian landmarks. Today, it is a thriving tourist destination, drawing visitors to its historic neighborhoods, cobblestone streets, and breathtaking views of the Osum River.

Berat’s history is a testament to its resilience and ability to adapt through centuries of change, while preserving its unique character as a city of unparalleled beauty and cultural significance.